This approach is relevant to team sports, which are based on improvisation and on the interaction between the performers and the environment. This observation implies that during training programs no explicitly prescriptive list of possible actions needs to be provided beforehand to the performer so that s/he might realize them. Therefore, exploratory activity is strongly dependent on the set of constraints imposed on the system. Exploratory behavior may be defined as a subsequent realization of a large number of movement configurations under specific constraints of each performer. This conceptualization of creativity classifies as creative any exploratory behavior without regard to whether it leads to a novel final outcome or not. The most widely used definitions of creativity refer to obtaining a useful and original product or behavior, however, several authors with closer ties to education have particularly focused the concept on individual and exploratory behavior. Despite this, few studies have addressed the topic of creativity in sport performance, and there remains a need to establish solid modeling approaches for studying and explaining creative behavior. Therefore, it is important to design practice tasks that can foster players’ creative behavior and, consequently, improve performance outcomes. Tactical creativity can be described by the classical characteristics of creativity defined by Guilford : the unusualness of tactical actions defines originality the variety of tactical actions defines flexibility and the number of tactical actions generated for certain situations defines fluency. Coaches are especially interested in developing a more flexible game to increase unpredictable behavior through emergent properties and gain advantage over the opponents. Tactical creativity refers to varying, atypical and flexible decisions and actions, and it plays a key role in team ball sports due to the complex and chaotic determinants of performance. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.ĭata Availability: All data files are available from the Open Science Framework database osf.io/8weh9.įunding: This study was supported by the National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC), Generalitat de Catalunya.Ĭompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. Received: JAccepted: DecemPublished: December 22, 2016Ĭopyright: © 2016 Torrents et al. PLoS ONE 11(12):Įditor: Sergio Pellis, University of Lethbridge, CANADA These results seem to be independent of the players’ level.Ĭitation: Torrents C, Ric A, Hristovski R, Torres-Ronda L, Vicente E, Sampaio J (2016) Emergence of Exploratory, Technical and Tactical Behavior in Small-Sided Soccer Games when Manipulating the Number of Teammates and Opponents.
All teams showed strong effects of the number of teammates on the exploratory behavior when comparing 5 vs 7 or 3 vs 7 teammates.
A numerical advantage led to less exploratory behavior, an effect that was especially clear when playing within a team of seven players against four opponents. In relation to attack, an increase in the number of opponents produced a decrease in passing, driving and controlling actions, while an increase in the number of teammates led to more time being spent in attacking situations. Moreover, with a higher number of teammates, there were more defensive actions focused on protecting the goal, with more players balancing. Results revealed that a higher the number of opponents required for more frequent ball controls. These trials were video-recorded and a systematic observation instrument was used to notate the actions, which were subsequently analyzed by means of a principal component analysis and the dynamic overlap order parameter (measure to identify the rate and breadth of exploratory behavior on different time scales).
#Tactical soccer definition professional#
Twenty-two professional (age 25.6 ± 4.9 years) and 22 amateur (age 23.1 ± 0.7 years) male soccer players played three small-sided game formats (4 vs. The aim of this study was to determine how the number of teammates and opponents affects the exploratory behavior of both professional and amateur players in small-sided soccer games. The effects that different constraints have on the exploratory behavior, measured by the variety and quantity of different responses within a game situation, is of the utmost importance for successful performance in team sports.
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